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Nozzle Introduction This section provides an isentropic nozzle analysis when the working fluid is air. Analysis In the presented nozzle analysis, only air is considered as the working fluid behaving as a perfect gas -- specific heat has a constant value. Ideal gas state equation is valid -- pv = RT. Air enters a nozzle at point 1 and it exits the nozzle at point 2. Isentropic expansion is considered with no entropy change. Figure 1 presents a nozzle schematic layout.
Figure 1 - Nozzle Schematic Layout Figure 2 presents a nozzle temperature vs entropy diagram.
Figure 2 - Nozzle Temperature vs Entropy Diagram Figure 3 presents nozzle performance -- stagnation over static temperature and pressure values -- as a function of the Mach Number. Only subsonic nozzle operation is considered. It should be noted that air enters the nozzle at the stagnation conditions of 1,500 [K] and 10 [atm] of absolute pressure.
Figure 3 - Nozzle Performance One can notice that nozzle stagnation over static temperature and pressure ratio values increase with an increase of the Mach Number. Assumptions Working fluid is air. There is no friction and heat transfer. Expansion is isentropic -- there is no entropy change. Ideal gas state equation is valid -- pv = RT. Air behaves as a perfect gas -- specific heat has a constant value. Governing Equations Tt / T = (1 + M2(k - 1)/2) pt / p = (1 + M2(k - 1)/2)k/(k-1) Tt/T = (pt/p)(k-1)/k v = (2cp(Tt -
T))1/2 Input Data T1 = 1,500 [K] p1 = 10 [atm] cp = 1.004 [kJ/kg*K] k = cp/cv - for air k = 1.4
[/] Results Table 1 - Nozzle Performance vs Mach Number
Figures
Conclusions Nozzle stagnation over static temperature and pressure ratio values increase with an increase of the Mach Number. References JANAF Thermochemical Data - Tables, 1970 Diffuser Introduction This section provides an isentropic diffuser analysis when the working fluid is air. Analysis In the presented diffuser analysis, only air is considered as the working fluid behaving as a perfect gas -- specific heat has a constant value. Ideal gas state equation is valid -- pv = RT. Air enters a diffuser at point 1 and it exits the diffuser at point 2. Air inlet velocity gets reduced to zero resulting in the stagnation temperature and pressure inrease. Isentropic process is considered with no entropy change. Figure 1 presents a diffuser schematic layout.
Figure 1 - Diffuser Schematic Layout Figure 2 presents a diffuser temperature vs entropy diagram.
Figure 2 - Diffuser Temperature vs Entropy Diagram Figure 3 presents diffuser performance -- stagnation over static temperature and pressure values -- as a function of the Mach Number. Only subsonic diffuser operation is considered. It should be noted that air enters the diffuser at the static conditions of 298 [K] and 1 [atm] of absolute pressure.
Figure 3 - Diffuser Performance One can notice that diffuser stagnation over static temperature and pressure ratio values increase with an increase of the Mach Number. Assumptions Working fluid is air. There is no friction and heat transfer. Isentropic process -- there is no entropy change. Ideal gas state equation is valid -- pv = RT. Air behaves as a perfect gas -- specific heat has a constant value. Governing Equations Tt / T = (1 + M2(k - 1)/2) pt / p = (1 + M2(k - 1)/2)k/(k-1) Tt/T = (pt/p)(k-1)/k Tt = T +
v2/(2cp)
Input Data T1 = 298 [K] p1 = 1 [atm] cp = 1.004 [kJ/kg*K] k = cp/cv - for air k = 1.4
[/] Results Table 1 - Diffuser Performance vs Mach Number
Figures
Conclusions Diffuser stagnation over static temperature and pressure ratio values increase with an increase of the Mach Number. References JANAF Thermochemical Data - Tables, 1970 Thrust Introduction This section provides an isentropic thrust analysis when the working fluid is air. Analysis In the presented thrust analysis, only air is considered as the working fluid behaving as a perfect gas -- specific heat has a constant value. Ideal gas state equation is valid -- pv = RT. Air enters a nozzle at point 1 and it exits the nozzle at point 2. Isentropic expansion is considered with no entropy change. Figure 1 presents a thrust schematic layout.
Figure 1 - Thrust Schematic Layout Figure 2 presents a thrust temperature vs entropy diagram.
Figure 2 - Thrust Temperature vs Entropy Diagram Figure 3 presents thrust performance as a function of the nozzle inlet stagnation temperature and pressure for a few fixed values such as: working fluid mass flow rate, nozzle outlet Mach Number and ambient pressure. Only subsonic nozzle operation is considered.
Figure 3 - Thrust Performance One can notice that thrust value increases with an increase of the inlet stagnation temperature and pressure. Assumptions Working fluid is air. There is no friction and heat transfer. Expansion is isentropic -- there is no entropy change. Ideal gas state equation is valid -- pv = RT. Air behaves as a perfect gas -- specific heat has a constant value. Governing Equations Tt / T = (1 + M2(k - 1)/2) pt / p = (1 + M2(k - 1)/2)k/(k-1) Tt/T = (pt/p)(k-1)/k v = (2cp(Tt -
T))1/2 Thrust = vm + (p - pa)A Input Data T1 = 900, 1,200 and 1,500 [K] p1 = 5, 10 and 15 [atm] cp = 1.004 [kJ/kg*K] k = cp/cv - for air k = 1.4 [/] m = 1 [kg/s] M = 0.85 [/] pa = 1 [atm] Results Table 1 - Thrust Performance vs Inlet Stagnation Temperature and Pressure
Figures
Conclusions Thrust values increase with an increase of the inlet stagnation temperature and pressure. References JANAF Thermochemical Data - Tables, 1970 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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