?_q’’’’®aXl¹VYNEnergy Conversion Systems ...Engineering Software (c) 1996/&;)z4ĄPø™RPš^1‡'’’Æ’’’’|CONTEXTä„|CTXOMAPŖ|FONT±k|SYSTEM|TOPIC |TTLBTREEµe Ba-#bÜ ^+äM^+’’Ģ~ŹBš’’’’Ö{ŹBde-#ƒbb ^+jM^+’’&ŹBŃ’’’’Ø{ŹB CQslmult1 nowidctlparcs16super#%tic’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ˆ rtusM-#TurD^+LO^+’’ś~ŹBń’’’’ū~ŹB^+-#’’<‚X^+`O^+’’(ŹBń’’’’Ģ~ŹB-#Qc]^+eO^+’’`ƒŹBń’’’’ś~ŹBbeĻslmult1 nowidctlparcs16tsuper#%ant ’’’’’’’’ ’’’’’’’’’’’’Ga-#’š^+¢E^+’’J‚ŹBr’’’’l}ŹB-#(^+&E^+’’‚ŹB’’’’ “€†Ų”Qokœ ^+¤M^+’’LfiB C Bo€˜˜R‚QE™_ITC Bookman Demi Tuš_ITC Bookman Demi Ba›bCG Omega CEœbCG Omega TurbCG Omega Balticž_CG Times CEŸ_CG Times Tur _CG Times Baltic”aITC Zapf Cha-#C¢-^+5N^+’’¤„ŹBŅ’’’’@~ŹB ś~€†Ų”Qn ×^+ßN^+’’օŹB-’’’’ī|ŹB¦ endo€†Ų”Q§_Clarendon Condensgg’’’’ 1’’’’=1/’’’’’’’’=ƒé° &9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com]7=ƒ& €n€ąą€‚’Energy Conversion andEngineering Software e-CatalogI&Ģ2 4€.€˜˜R‚Qć¼ :¾€‰€‚’Energy ConversionG°ƒ— ü€a€˜˜R„Q€ƒć\š=‰€‚€ƒćÜ6ōń‰€‚€ƒćä™l!‰€‚€ƒć;Ž}"‰€‚€ƒć(ūš‰€‚€ƒćm7‰€‚€ƒć6ū‚L‰€‚€ƒćŗQÖź‰€‚’IntroductionAdvanced Energy Conversion SystemsBenefitsBasic ConceptsFirst LawSecond LawPower Cycle Components/ProcessesGlossaryV$Ģi2 4€H€˜˜R‚Qćeē?“€‰€‚’Engineering Software e-Catalog Xt³ 4±€˜˜R„Q€ƒć‚”™‰€‚€ƒćP¢‰€‚€ƒćkT‰€‚€ƒćG{Ź‰€‚€ƒć‰€‚€ƒć‰€‚€ƒć‰€‚€ƒć‰€‚€ƒć‰€‚€ƒć‰€‚’IntroductionClaim SheetBackground/History, Mission and VisionReviews/Press ReleasesPower and Propulsion Systems Analysis 1.1 - APower and Propulsion Systems Analysis 1.1 - BPower Systems Analysis 1.1Gas Dynamics 1.1Physical Properties 1.1Power and Propulsion Systems Analysis 1.1 - C >iĻ l}€˜˜R„Q€ƒć‰€‚€ƒć‰€‚€ƒć ‰€‚€ƒć5‰€‚€ƒćą›ūĮ‰€‚€ƒć}MƉ€‚€ƒćĢ’§n‰€‚€ƒć•tņ‰€‚€ƒć£vFĪ‰€‚€ƒć‡Ćȉ€‚€ƒć†œæ4‰€‚€ƒćHyh‰€‚’Energy Conversion 1.1 - ASteam Approximations 1.1Physical Properties & Steam Approximations 1.1Energy Conversion 1.1 - BDistributorsPrice ListLimited WarrantyLicense AgreementCustomer SupportEducational ServicesConsulting ServicesAcknowledgments1t²1Ź’’’’’’’’’’’’²K 鰁›9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,²Ē) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’„V›K . ,€¬€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚‚’Energy ConversionEnergy conversion concepts are presented in the sections below.1Ē| 1’’’’’’’’’’’’| Ūé°K e 9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,| ‘ ) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’(še ¹ 8 >€į€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’IntroductionAdvanced energy conversion technologies will play a vitalrole in the future well-being of the U.S. As a reliable,affordable energy resource, coal and gas fuels will powereconomic growth, and help us achieve environmental goalsat the same time.The same dynamics that make clean advanced energyconversion technologies attractive in the U.S. will apply inmany other regions of the world. Worldwide energy demandis expected to rise dramatically over the next two decades,"ļ‘ Ū3 4€ß€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’particularly the demand for low-cost electricity in developingnations and Eastern Europe. Coal, which makes up 70percent of the world's fossil energy reserves, is likely to bethe primary fuel source for many nations.Exporting advanced energy conversion technologies will helpthe U.S. improve our balance of trade and increaseemployment opportunities. It will also help other nations toachieve common goals: a cleaner environment, lessdependence on oil and a better quality of life.1¹ 1<’’’’’’’’’’’’ :é°Ū @9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com  @Ū, 8@) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’Ü @UBA P€¹€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚’Advanced Energy ConversionSystemsIn large part because of the focused teamwork amongindustry, Government, and academic resources, the U.S.now leads the world in coal and gas fired energyconversion research, development, and demonstration.Breakthroughs in both power generation and liquid fueltechnologies will make the use of coal and gasprogressively cleaner, more efficient, and moreeconomical.BreakdownSix categories of advanced power generation systems-ć8@‚DJ b€Ē€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚€‚€ ‚‚‚’hold the greatest promise for commercial use:PressurizedFluidized-Bed CombustionIntegrated GasificationCombined CycleIndirectly Fired CycleFuel CellAdvanced Gas TurbineMagnetohydrodynamicsThe first-generation version of most of these systems iseither commercially available or under demonstrationtoday.DescriptionsPressurized Fluidized-Bed CombustionThis coal fired combustion system reduces sulfur andnitrogen pollutants inside the boiler, eliminating theŽUB“F3 4€½€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’need for expensive add-on equipment. The hot,high-pressure gases produced by pressurizedfluidized-bed combustors can power a "combinedcycle" arrangement of gas and steam turbines.First-generation systems, with 40 to 42 percentefficiencies, are being commercially demonstrated.More advanced concepts are expected to boostefficiencies between 45 percent and 50 percent.These advanced systems will be capable of reducingsulfur dioxide by 95 percent and nitrogen oxides@‚DÓH; D€ €†Ų”Q€ ‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’by 85 percent.Integrated Gasification Combined CycleThis power plant configuration relies on a coal gasifier ratherthan a boiler. Combustible gases produced by the gasifiercan be cleaned to high purity levels (more than 99 percentsulfur removal) before being burned in a gas turbine.Exhaust heat can be used to drive a steam turbine.First-generation systems now being readied for constructioncan achieve efficiencies up to 42 percent. Second-generation systems could reach efficiencies of 45 percentā“FšJ; D€Å€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚’by the end of this decade, and more advanced systemsenvisioned are expected to exceed 50 percent efficiencylevels. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions areless than one-tenth of the New Source PerformanceStandards.Indirectly Fired CycleThe combustion gases created by burning coal in this highperformance power system are prevented from contactinga gas turbine. Instead, they transfer heat to an impurityfree gas that powers the turbine. Currently, in the-ņÓHM; D€å€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚’conceptual design phase, indirectly fired cycle systemscould offer a coal-based technology with efficienciesapproaching 50 percent, with sulfur dioxide, nitrogenoxides, and particulates reduced to one fourth of theNew Source Performance Standards.Fuel CellsFuel cells will enter the power generation market usingnatural gas and later may be adapted to coal-derived gas.Because fuel cells generate electricity electrochemicallyrather than by combustion, sulfur and nitrogen emissionsćšJ;O; D€Ē€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚’are virtually nonexistent. Efficiencies can approach 60percent for power-generating applications, and as highas 85 percent when the waste heat is used forcogeneration.Advanced Gas TurbineLike fuel cells, advanced gas turbine systems are beingdeveloped initially for natural gas, with a future option toadapt to coal-derived gas. Advanced turbine systemsbeing developed for the 21 st century will be capable ofbreaking through the temperature barrier that limits theóøM:; D€q€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’efficiency of today's systems, while significantly reducingnitrogen oxides emissions.MagnetohydrodynamicsThis coal-based power opt;O:Ūion operates at ultra-hightemperatures, producing a plasma which, when channeledthrough a magnetic field, can generate electrical current.Combined with a steam turbine-generator,magnetohydrodynamics systems are projected to becapable of efficiencies exceeding 50 percent with verylow emissions.1;Ok1©’’’’’’’’’’’’kćƒé°:T‚9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,k€‚) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’c0T‚ćƒ3 4€a€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚’BenefitsAdvanced energy conversion technologies being developedby private industry and the U.S. Government will substantiallyincrease the efficiency of coal and natural-gas fired powergeneration. Each step up in efficiency reduces the levels offuel consumption and emissions per unit of power.1€‚„1#’’’’’’’’’’’’„6é°ćƒż„9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,„)…) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’:ż„c‡7 <€€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Basic ConceptsSystem: A system is an identifiable collection of matterwhose behavior is the subject of study. For identification,the system is enclosed by a system boundary, which maybe purely imaginary or may coincide with a real boundary.The term closed system is sometimes used to emphasizethat there is no flow of matter across the system boundary.The type of thermodynamic analysis used is known as asystem analysis or control mass analysis.When motions are involved, the system definition must Ö)…m‰4 6€­€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’include a reference frame to which velocities anddisplacements are related. The most commonly usedreference frame is the inertial reference frame in whicha free particle moves at constant velocity.Surroundings: Everything outside the boundary of the systemis called the surroundings.Isolated System: If changes in the surroundings produce nochanges in the system the system is known as an isolatedsystem. A system combining a system and its surroundings*õc‡—‹5 8€ė€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’is an isolated system, often called the universe which is nota universe in the cosmological sense but only in thethermodynamic sense.Property: A thermodynamic property is any measurablecharacteristic of a system whose value depends on thecondition of the system.Thermodynamic State: The state of a system is thatcondition of the system which is described fully by itsobservable properties. In identical states, the propertieshave the same values. Thus properties are functions of theŚm‰§6 :€µ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’state of the system and not of a process which the systemmight undergo.State of Equilibrium: An isolated system which has notendency to undergo a change of state even after a longtime is in a state of equilibrium.Process: When the state of the system changes it is saidto undergo a process.Extensive Properties: For a system divided into Nsub-systems by real or imaginary boundaries, the value ofan extensive property, X, for the whole system is the sum ofź—‹Ä3 4€Õ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’the values of that property for all sub-systems. Mass andvolume are extensive properties. Extensive properties havevalues regardless of whether the system is in equilibriumor not.Intensive Properties: These properties are independent ofthe size of the system and only have meaning for systemsin equilibrium states; pressure and temperature are intensiveproperties. A special type of intensive property is a specificproperty which is the ratio of an extensive property to theŁ§ŽĮ5 8€³€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’corresďŽĮćƒponding mass.Homogeneous System: If the value of any intensive propertyis the same, the system is homogeneous.Cyclic Process: When a system goes through somechanges of state (or processes) and finally returns to itsinitial state, it has gone through a cycle or cyclic process.Reversible Process: A process is reversible if, after it hastaken place, means can be found to restore the systemand its surroundings to their-initial states with no residual#īďÄ5 8€Ż€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’effects in either of them. Full reversibility is not possible ina real process.Quasi-Static Process: In such processes the system isinfinitesimally close to at all times and all states throughwhich the system passes can be described bythermodynamic coordinates referring to the system as awhole. A quasi-static process is an idealization which canbe approached in practice with any degree of accuracywhich may be desired.Control Region: A control region, also known as control<ŽĮ=Ę4 6€€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’volume or open system, is any defined region in spaceunder analysis. The extent of the control region is definedby the control surface.Work and Heat: These phenomena are describable at thesystem boundary and exist only while the system (orcontrol region) and the surroundings interact and thusboth work and heat are called interactions. Since theseinteractions result in energy transfers across theboundary, work and heat may be regarded as energy intransit. Although they have this in common, there are;ÄxČ4 6€€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’also important distinctions between them. Work is aninteraction between two systems such that the sole effectof the action of one system on the other can be shownto be equivalent to the raising or lowering of a weight.Heat results in an energy transfer between two systemsin thermal contact by virtue of their temperaturedifference.Thermal Energy Reservoir: A thermal energy reservoir is abody of constant volume in stable equilibrium with a verylarge heat capacity so that it may act as a heat source or)ö=Ę”Ź3 4€ķ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’heat sink without suffering a finite change in temperature.In practical thermodynamic analysis, any constanttemperature body, such as a heated room or a refrigeratedcold chamber, whose sole function is either to receive orto deliver thermal energy through heat interaction may betreated as a thermal energy reservoir within which allprocesses are assumed to be quasi-static.Mechanical Energy Reservoir: This is a system capable ofstoring fully ordered mechanical energy as potential energy;xČÜĢ7 <€ €†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’(raised weight in a gravitational field) or kinetic energy(spinning flywheel). A mechanical energy reservoir is anidealized system in which the energy is stored, received,and delivered in a reversible manner.Heat Engine: A heat engine operates in a cyclic mannerand exchanges thermal and mechanical energy with othersystems.Adiabatic Boundary: A system boundary or control surfacewhich does not permit a heat interaction to take place isadiabatic.Diathermal Boundary: A system boundary or controlŪ”ŹėĪ4 6€·€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’surface which permits a heat interaction to take place isdiathermal.Sign Convention: Heat transfer to the system is positive andheat transfer from the system is negative. Work done by asystem is positive and work done on the system is negative.State Postulate: The number of independently variablethermodynamic properties for a particular system is thenumber of relevant reversible work modes plus one. Thereversible work modes, ie ways by which a system can/żÜĢ&2 2€ū€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’transfer energy as work, depend on the properties of thesubstance comprising the system. For example if thesubstance is compressible and magnetic its work modesare associated with volume changes due to appliedpressure andėĪ&ćƒ changes in magnetization in a changingmagnetic field. Three independently variable propertiesare required to define its state. Here the emphasis in not onmagnetic effects, electric properties of substances, or withsurface tension. Only the work mode due to compressibility>ėĪd6 :€€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’will be considered; the state of such a simple compressiblesubstance can be defined for a non-reacting system interms of only two independently variable properties.Equation of State: There are a number of equations of staterelating the properties of simple compressible substances;the simplest is the ideal gas equation:Pv=RTwhere R is the specific ideal-gas constant. When, for therange of properties under consideration, an ideal gas can beassumed to have constant specific heat capacities it is calledį&x3 4€Ć€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’a perfect gas. A real gas departs from ideal gas behavior,requiring a complex equation of state or tabular presentationof its properties.Molar Properties: A mole of any give molecular species isthe amount of subs which contains as many elementaryentities as the reare atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon. Thisdefinition is cumbersome so, for practical purposes, themass of one mole is to be given numerically in grammes bythe relative molecular mass (molecular weight of the¾’d6, &€%€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚’substance. For example, the mole of diatomic oxygen isapproximately 32 using the kilomole (kmol), the molar massis approximately 32 kg/kmol.1xg1’’’’’’’’’’’’gG é°6P9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,g|) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’Ė„PG G \€ €†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€ € € € ‚‚‚‚’First LawThere is an extensive property, internal energy (U), such thata change in its value is for a system not in motion by thedifference between the heating (Q) done to the system andthe work (W) done by the system during any change of state.Q - W = dUWhere:dU = UFinal - UInitialThis equation is known as the energy balance for a non-flowprocess or the non-flow.1|x 17 ’’’’’’’’’’’’x ¼Bé°G a 9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,x  ) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’7óa Ä D V€ē€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Second LawEntropy PostulateThere is an extensive property of a system called entropy, S.The entropy of an isolated system can never decrease.dSIsolated > or = 0where the equality sign corresponds to the ideal case of areversible process.Combined SystemIf the system under study is not an isolated system, it isnecessary to consider all systems participating in theprocess so that the new, extended system can be regardedas an isolated system. By considering a combined system0ī ōB R€Ż€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚€ € € € ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’consisting of the system and the surroundings, can bewritten:dSSystem + dSSurroundings > or = 0Implications of the Second LawThe implications of the Second Law are manifold. Thecondition of the increase of entropy can be used to predictwhat processes, chemical reactions, transformations betweenvarious energy forms, or directions of heat transfer can andcannot occur. From the condition that a state of equilibriumof an isolated, two part system corresponds to a maximum of ÖÄ  A4 6€­€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’entropy of the system, it can be shown that the conditions ofthermal, mechanical and chemical equilibrium correspondrespectively to equality of temperature, pressure andchemical potential. In addition, the Seconō AG d Law governs thelimits to energy conversion between different energy forms,leading to concept of energy quality.Microscopic ViewFrom a consideration of the microscopic nature of matterthrough the statistical approach, entropy can be shown to be²‚ō¼B0 .€€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’a measure of microscopic randomness and the resultinguncertainty about the microscopic state. Real processestend to make the distribution of kinetic energy of moleculesof the system more random, making a smaller proportion ofthis energy available for conversion to useful, organized work.Thus, it can be said that entropy is a measure of theunavailability' of internal energy.1 AķB1’’’’’’’’’’’’ķBM‰é°¼BÖC9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,ķBD) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’%ęÖC'F? L€Ķ€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚’Power Cycle Components/ProcessesMost power and propulsion devices can be considered tocomprise a number of simple processes. The most commonare: expansion, compression, heat exchange, mixing,separation of constituents of mixtures and chemicalreactions including combustion of fuels.ExpansionIn power plants expansion generally occurs at temperaturesabove the environmental temperature. Except for throttling,the purpose of an expansion process is to deliver power atŌD5H: B€©€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚’the expense of a reduction in the exergy of the stream of theworking fluid. Most common expanders are rotodynamic andare usually treated as adiabatic. Expansion can occur as asingle or a multi-stage expansion process.CompressionIn applications such as power plants, compressed airinstallations, gas pipelines a liquefaction plants compressionusually starts at approximately environmental temperature.In refrigeration plants and heat pumps, compression%č'FZJ= H€Ń€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’processes start at temperatures lower than To, but usuallyend above it.Heat TransferHeat transfer processes may be usefully divided into twogroups.Group 1: In this group of heat transfer processes thethermal component of exergy of one stream increases atthe expense of a reduction in the thermal component ofexergy of another stream. Thus in this case a heatexchanger transfers thermal exergy between two streamsthrough conductive, convective or radiant heat transfer.&ó5H€L3 4€ē€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Since there is a useful output expressible in terms ofexergy, a rational efficiency can be formulated.Group 2: This group of heat transfer processes ischaracterized by transfer of thermal energy to or from theenvironment. In some heat transfer processes such asthose found in cooling towers and refrigerator condensers,the stream, at T > To, transfers heat to the environment.In heat pump evaporators, however, the stream is at atemperature lower than To, and heat transfer is from the ÜZJN1 0€¹€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’environment. In either case the exergy of the streamdecreases as a result of the heat transfer, and since theexergy of the environment can never increase, heat transferprocesses in this group lead only to dissipation of exergy.As there is no output expressible in terms of exergy, there isno rational efficiency for a beat transfer process in this group.However, the magnitude of the irreversibility rate calculatedfor the process can be used to assess the process,&é€Læ€= H€Ó€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚’particularly when it is compared with the value of intrinsicirreversibility calculated for the heat exchanger.Forms of irreversibility in heat transfer processesLoss of efficiency of heat exchangers is caused by differentforms of irreversibility due to:Heat transfer over a finite temperature differenceN怼BPressure lossesThermal interaction with the environmentStreamwise conduction in the walls of the heat exchangerMixingMixing occurs spontaneously when substances are put ĻNȂ: B€Ÿ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚’into physical contact with each other. The mixing processhas two distinct aspects, the intermingling of the moleculesof the substances and the exchange of energy between thestreams involved in the process. Molecular aspects areirrelevant when the streams are of the same chemicalcomposition while no energy will exchange if the streamsare initially at the same pressure and temperature.CombustionCombustion processes are often accompanied by heat Ńæ€Ņ„9 @€£€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚’transfer as well as fluid friction and mixing so there is usuallymore than one form of irreversibility present. In principle itis impossible to evaluate in this case what part of the totalirreversibility is due to any particular cause. The processof combustion can be examined, however, by assumingthat it takes place under adiabatic conditions and thatirreversibilities due to friction and mixing are negligible.Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions)÷Ȃū†2 2€ļ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Exothermic reactions are accompanied by release ofthermal energy. The chemical potential of the reactantsin exothermic reactions is always greater than that of theproducts and this difference acts as a driving force so thatan exothermic reaction, once started, will proceed on itsown, although sometimes a catalyst may be required.Processes which take place by virtue of finite drivingforces, may be called spontaneous or uncontrolled,and are inherently irreversible. The irreversibility ofåŅ„‰4 6€Ė€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’exothermic reactions may also be looked upon asbeing due to degradation of chemical energy, arelatively ordered form, to thermal energy which is ofhighly disordered form.Endothermic reactions require an input of thermalenergy from an external source. Consequentlyendothermic reactions are, in principle, controlledalthough in practical reactions there are irreversibilitiesdue to lack of homogeneity of composition and totemperature gradients in the mass of the reactants9ū†M‰) "€ €†Ų”Q€ ‚’and products.1‰~‰1'’’’’’’’’ ’’’’~‰ń é°M‰gŠ9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,~‰“Š) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’ŲgŠ„Œ: B€±€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’GlossaryAcid Rain: Also called acid precipitation or acid deposition;precipitation containing nitric and sulfuric acids formed byNO, and SO, released into the atmosphere when fossilfuels are burned.Anthracite: Coal with a heating value of 15,000 Btu.Bituminous Coal: Coal with a heating value of 10,500to 15,500 Btu per pound and carbon content of 45% to86%; located across the U.S.; see Coal rank.Btu (British Thermal Unit): The amount of heat needed5’“ŠŚŽ6 :€’€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 Fat or near 39.2 F.Clean Coal Technologies: Advanced innovative systemsdesigned to produce power from coal more efficiently andeconomically than conventional coal burning processes-while minimizing environmental impacts.Coal Rank: An indication of the degree to which organicmatter has been converted to coal. Rank is based on thefixed carbon, volatile matter, and heating value of a coal.Coprocessing: The mixing and subsequent processing of(ņ„ŒĮ6 :€å€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’coal and heavy, residual oil through a refining-like processto create a lighter, higher quality liquid.Coal Gasification: The conversion of coal into a gaseousfuel.Coal Beneficiation: Coal treatment, cleansing, orpreparation to reŚŽĮM‰move mineral or ash material.Coke: A hard, dry substance of mostly carbon made frombituminous coal baked at very high temperatures in theabsence of air, by a process called carbonization. Usedchiefly as a fuel and reducing agent in smelting iron ore׌ŽĆ7 <€Æ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’in a blast furnace, coke has a heating value of about25 million Btu per ton.Combined Cycle: Both gas combustion and steamturbines operating together.Compressor: A pump or other type of machine using aturbine to compress a gas.Cyclone Combustor: A device in which coal is burned ina separate chamber outside the furnace cavity and hotgases are then passed into the boiler. A vortex of airkeeps ash out of the furnace, preventing fouling ofboiler tubes.;ĮWÅ8 >€€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Demonstrated Reserves: Coal potentially mineable withexisting technology, estimated at 475 billion tons in U.S.;current mining methods may not recover all thesereserves.Electrostatic Precipitator: A device that removes flyash particles from combustion gases using anelectrical charge.Fines: Coal with a maximum particle size usually less than1/16th inch and rarely above 1/8th inch.Fluidized Bed Combustor: A device in which crushed coalmixed with limestone is suspended on jets of air while itąĆnĒ7 <€Į€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’burns. The powdery limestone absorbs sulfur as it isreleased. Low burning temperatures keep NO, fromforming.Fossil Fuel: Any fuel of an organic nature (carboncontaining), such as coal, crude oil, natural gas orsynthetic fuels.Fuel Cell: A device in which an electrochemical reactiongenerates electricity by releasing the energy that bondsatoms together.Gas Reburning: A technique in which coal is fired in amain heat-release zone in the lower part of a boiler ÖWÅzÉ6 :€­€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’and natural gas is burned in a cooler, oxygen deficientzone in the upper part of the boiler to control theformation of NO.Gas Turbine: A device in which hot combustion gasesexpand to drive a generator and compressor.Generator: A machine that converts mechanical energyinto electrical energy.Greenhouse Effect: The phenomenon that occurs whencertain gases accumulate in the atmosphere allowing thesun's energy to penetrate to the earth but trapping heat ÓnĒƒĖ6 :€§€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’radiated from the earth's surface.Hot Gas Cleanup: Advanced techniques that remove sulfuroxide compounds and other impurities from high-temperature gases with minimal cooling.Identified Resources: Coal identified from geologicevidence and engineering measurements, estimated at1.7 trillion tons in the U.S.In-Duct Sorbent Injection: A technique in which limestoneis sprayed into ductwork between the boiler andsmokestack to absorb sulfur pollutants.!ėzɤĶ6 :€×€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’In-Situ Gasification: The in-place gasification of coaldeposits through partial combustion.Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle: A power generatingsystem in which coal is converted to a fuel gas which isburned to drive a gas turbine generator and a steam turbinegenerator.Lignite: Coal with a heating value of 4,000 to 8,300 Btuper pound, carbon content of 25% to 35%, and highmoisture content; located primarily in the Gulf Coast andnorthern Great Plains; see Coal Rank.įƒĖŗĻ5 8€Ć€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Limestone Injection Multistage Burners: A system in whichlimestone is injected into a boiler above low-NO burners toabsorb sulfur pollutants.Magnetohydrodynamics: A method of generating electricityin which coal is burned at extremely high temperatures tocreate a highly charged plasma which is channeled throughan intense magnetic field to produce current.Metallurgical Coal: Grades of coal with compositionssuitable for making coke for reducing iron ore as a step)ō¤Ķļ5 8€é€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’in steel manufacŗĻļM‰turing; has particularly goodagglomerating capabilities, high Btu and low ash content.Methane: The chief constituent of natural gas; producedby decaying plant material or by coal gasification processes.Mild Gasification: A modification of conventional coalgasification that produces gaseous, solid, and liquidproducts by heating coal in an oxygen-free reactor atatmospheric pressure and relatively low temperatures.Mine-Mouth Power Plant: A steam-electric power plant:ŗĻ)7 <€€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’built close to a coal mine.Natural Gas: A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons(principally methane) and small quantities of other gasesfound in porous geological formations, often in associationwith petroleum.Proved Reserves: The estimated resources that geologicaland engineering data demonstrate with reasonablecertainty to be recoverable in future years from knownreservoirs or deposits under existing economic andoperating conditions.Recoverable Coal: Also called proved reserves; coalÓļ15 8€§€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’reserves that are likely to be mined and used, estimatedat between 237 billion and 300 billion tons in the U.S.Repowering: Replacing all or part of the outmoded powergenerating equipment in a power plant with advanced systems.Retrofitting: Installing modern pollution control devices onolder facilities without making major changes in plant design.Run-of-Mine Coal: Coal as it comes directly from the mine,not treated or sized by a preparation plant.ć)G3 4€Ē€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Scrubber: Any of several forms of post-combustion devicesthat cause sulfur in gaseous emissions to react with otherchemicals to form either a waste product or, in newertechnologies, a reusable byproduct.Selective Catalytic Reduction: An NO removal processin which ammonia is first mixed with flue gas and passedthrough a reaction chamber separate from the scrubbervessel; then in the presence of a catalyst, NO, andammonia are converted to molecular nitrogen and water.,õ1s 7 <€ė€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Short Ton: A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.Slagging Combustor: A combustor in which temperaturesare hot enough to melt the mineral impurities in coal andform a slag which is forced to outer walls and kept fromfouling boiler tubes.Sorbent: An alkaline substance that combines with sulfurousgases to create a solid substance that can be removed fromcoal flue gases.Steam Coal: Coal used by a power plant or industrialsteam boiler to produce electricity; generally lower in Btu1ūG¤ 6 :€÷€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’content than met coal.Subbituminous: Coal with a heating value of 8,300 to11,500 Btu per pound and carbon content of 35% to 45%;located mainly in Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado,New Mexico, Washington and Alaska; see Coal Rank.Sulfur: An element present in varying quantities in coal;contributes to environmental degradation when coal isburned. The sulfur content in coal is low if 1% or less,medium if between 1% and 3%, and high if over 3%.Total Resources: Coal deposits both known andMs ń 0 .€;€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’undiscovered, estimated at 4 trillion tons in the U.S. andas much as 14 trillion tons worldwide.Turbine: A device with rotating vanes for generating rotarymechanical power from the kinetic energy in a stream offluid or gas.Underground Gasification: See In-Situ Gasification.1¤ "1õ’’’’’’’’ ’’’’"—@é°ń  9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,"7) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’T —@9 @€7€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚’Engineering Software Product LineEngineering Software is proud to introduce to you its currentproduct line: Power and Propulsion Systems7—@ń  Analysis 1.1,Power Systems Analysis 1.1, Gas Dynamics 1.1, PhysicalProperties 1.1, Energy Conversion 1.1 and SteamApproximations 1.1.17Č@1,’’’’’’’’ ’’’’Č@3鰗@±A9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,Č@ŻA) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’ļ±AśB. *€ß€‚Q€ ‚‚‚‚€ ‚’Serving the Engineering and Academic (Postgraduate,Graduate, Collegiate and Secondary Level) Communitiesand Government Agencies with Computer Modeling andFine Software for Your Energy Conversion (Power andPropulsion Systems) Needs!JŻADC+ &€>€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚‚‚’Dear Prospective Customer: ŲśBOE3 4€±€‚Q€€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Engineering Software is proud to introduce to you its currentproduct line: Power and Propulsion Systems Analysis 1.1,Power Systems Analysis 1.1, Gas Dynamics 1.1, PhysicalProperties 1.1, Energy Conversion 1.1 and SteamApproximations 1.1.These Windows based software packages quickly,easily and reliably calculate thermodynamic and transportproperties of gaseous, liquid and solid species, containcoefficients for the calculation of physical properties -- the-īDC|G? L€Ż€‚Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€‚’user has the capability to use the coefficients to carry outindependent engineering calculations involving physicalproperties of various species, steam approximations forboth saturated and superheated areas, analyze powercycles, power cycle components/processes, compressibleflow and complex chemical equilibrium compositions.Enclosed find material describing the EngineeringSoftware software packages. Free demo version can bedownloaded directly from the Engineering SoftwareĶOE™IP n€›€‚Q€ ‚‚‚€€ €€ ‚‚€€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚‚€€ ‚‚’web site: http://www.engineering-4e.com.For free technical and product support, send an e-mailto info@engineering-4e.com or call (301) 540-3605.Hardware Requirements and Software Compatibility:For 16 Bit Applications: 386 or higher microprocessor,4 MB RAM, 4-8 MB hard drive, Windows 98, Windows 2000,Windows ME and Windows XPFor 32 Bit Applications: 486 or higher microprocessor,16 MB RAM, 10 MB hard drive, Windows 98, Windows 2000,,ī|GÅK> J€Ż€‚Q€ ‚‚€€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Windows ME, Windows XP and Windows VistaTo place an order, fill out the Engineering SoftwareOrder Form or go through the Engineering Softwaredistributors: CambridgeSoft, Cetrus, Citrix, Coggno,Digital River (RegNow), Engineering-Software.com(KRC Technologies), Gulf Publishing Company,PDHengineer.com, RedVector.com andThe Engineering Training Center.In case there is a problem with your order or if you would liketo speed up and simplify the ordering process, you can always ¼™IŃMP n€y€‚Q€ €€ ‚€€ €€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚€€ ‚‚’contact Engineering Software directly -- send an e-mail toinfo@engineering-4e.com or call (301) 540-3605.Demo and pay (full) versions of the software packages can bebought/downloaded directly over the Internet throughDigital River.Engineering Software support sites can help you with orderingand download questions.Engineering Software products are delivered to you witha "30 Day Money Back Guarantee" policy. Academic,ÄÅKÖOA P€‰€‚Q€ ‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚€€ ‚‚€€ ‚’Government, network, multiple users and volume pricediscounts available!Engineering Software newsletter containing information onnew releases, upgreades, updates, promotional offers etc. will besent electronically to those interested on a quarterly basis. If youwould like to get on the Engineering Software mailing list, send an e-mail with your return e-mail address or visit the Engineering Software web site and fill out the form.öĄŃMŲ€6 :€€‚Q€ ‚€€ÖOŲ€—@ ‚‚€€ ‚’Engineering Software would like to thank you for making thisinquiry about its products/product line and ask you to visitEngineering Software web site regarding future special offers,[2ÖO3) "€d€†Ų”Q€ ‚’product developments, enhancements and updates.1Ų€d1b’’’’’’’’ ’’’’d•ˆé°3M‚9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,dy‚) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’ ĖM‚‚„> J€—€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Claim SheetEngineering Software products allow quick and reliablecalculation of thermodynamic and transport properties ofgaseous, liquid and solid species, contain coefficients forthe calculation of physical properties, steam approximationsfor both saturated and superheated areas, analyze powercycles, power cycle components/processes andcompressible flow.The aforementioned engineering calculations are valid underthe following assumptions:Öy‚š†B R€­€†Ų”Q€ ‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚’Thermodynamic and Transport PropertiesSingle specie considerationIdeal gas approach is used (pv=RT)Specific heat is not constantCoefficients describing thermodynamic and transport propertieswere obtained from the NASA Glenn Research Center at LewisField in Cleveland, OH -- such coefficients conform with thestandard reference temperature of 298.15 K (77 F) and theJANAF tablesPower CyclesSingle specie consideration -- fuel mass flow rate ignored andū¶‚„•ˆE X€m€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚’its impact on the properties of the working fluidBasic equations hold (continuity, momentum and energyequations)Specific heat is constantPower Cycle Components/ProcessesSingle specie considerationBasic equations hold (continuity, momentum and energyequations)Specific heat is constantCompressible FlowSingle specie considerationBasic equations hold (continuity, momentum and energyequations)Specific heat is constant1š†ʈ1Ć’’’’’’’’ ’’’’ʈX鰕ˆƉ9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,ʈŪ‰) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’[ƉjŠ4 8€¶€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚€€ ‚’Background/History, Mission and VisionBackground/History: Engineering Software wasķŪ‰‹( €Ū€R€ ‚‚‚‚’established in May of 1996. It is a small scale engineeringIT company providing engineering e-material, e-solutions,e=courses and e-seminars for energy conversion systems --power and propulsion systems for simplae and basic cycles.-śjŠ¬3 4€õ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Mission: To provide affordable/low cost engineeringe-material, e-solutions, e-courses and e-seminars that helpusers quickly, easily and reliably do their work and carry outengineering calculations related to energy conversion systems --thermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous, liquidand solid species, coefficients for calculation of physicalproperties, steam approximations for both saturated andsuperheated areas, power cycles, power cyclecomponents/processes and compressible flow.¬|‹X0 .€ł€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Vision: To be a recognized source for affordable/low costcost engineering e-material, e-solutions, e-courses and e-semianrsthat help the users (government agencies, industry and academia,collegiate and secondary level) more quickly, easily and effectivelydo their work, explore more options, save time and provide moreconfidence in carrying out engineering calculations.1¬‰1ō0’’’’’’’’’’’’‰˜Mé°X~Ą9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Ph‰~ĄXone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,‰ŖĄ) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’!é~ĄĖĀ8 >€Ó€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Reviews/Press Releases of theProduct LinePETRIS TECHNOLOGY ANNOUNCES - PETRISWINDS NOW!- A NEW ON-DEMAND (ASP/VSP) APPLICATIONS ANDWEB-SERVICES PLATFORM FOR THE ENERGY INDUSTRYHOUSTON, 22 January 2002 - Petris Technology, Inc., a leader indata management, application integration, collaboration andinformation solutions, announces the release of its newest offering,PetrisWINDS NOW! - an on-demand (ASP/VSP) softwareapplication and services platform for the energy industry.'óŖĄņÄ4 6€ē€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’PetrisWINDS NOW! - will help oil and gas companies shortenproject cycle times and increase productivity on core businessfunctions by providing easy access to best-in-class applicationsvia the Internet.PetrisWINDS NOW! includes software available on a monthlysubscription (ASP/VSP) basis from independent softwarevendors (ISV) in the areas of Geology, Geophysics, ReservoirEngineering, Production, Asset & Inventory Management,Economics, Process Engineering and Construction. Also beingģĖĀĒ3 4€Ł€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’released is PetrisWINDS Plan-IT, a new enterprise collaborationsoftware package that applies the power of the Internet to quicklysupport collaborative teamwork, workflow and communicationissues.Don Humphries, PetrisWINDS NOW! Product Manager states,"By entering into a single contract with Petris, an oil & gascompany, service company, marketing firm or consultant canhave affordable and immediate access to needed softwareanywhere their employees may reside with minimal up-front-śņÄ>É3 4€õ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’capital expenditures. This agreement ensures companiesalways have the latest versions of their critical applicationsavailable allowing them to concentrate on core business needsand not on software related issues."ISV software offered through PetrisWINDS NOW! includesapplications from Cossey & Associates Inc (Turbidite Field &Reservoir Database); Ensyte Energy Software Int'l (Prophet,an economics model; iTREX, an asset and inventorymanagement system and Gastar IV, a gas marketing package);HĒ†Ė9 @€€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Edinburgh Petroleum Services (Wellflo, a well flow and pipelinemodeling program and PanSystem, a well test simulator);Engineering Software (Energy Conversion, a thermodynamicsimulator); Resolve GeoSciences (SeisShow, a 2D/3D seismicviewer); TERRASCIENCES (TerraStation II, a geological &petrophysical interpretation package); and Ultramarine(MOSES, an offshore structure simulator).The energy and utility sectors are estimated to experience an 8.5%increase in IT spending in 2002 outpacing the predicted 3.8% riseč>É Ķ2 2€Ń€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’among industries overall, according to Gartner Dataquest. "Thefuture looks bright for on-demand applications outsourcing (ASP)and web services and Petris will lead the way," says Jim Pritchettchief executive officer, Petris Technology, Inc.Future release plans are already in the works and will includeadditional software from Computer Modelling Group (ReservoirEngineering & Simulation); Data Management Solutions (GasMarketing); Ensyte Energy Software Int'l (Production Data5†ĖÕĻ2 2€€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Management); Kernel Technologies Ltd (Seismic Interpretation);Maurer Technology Inc (Drilling); Theta Enterprises, Inc (ProductionEngineering); TERRASCIENCES (Bore Hole Imaging) and InvensysSIMSCI (Process Engineering). Additional software and serviceswill be added as demand increases from Petris' user community.Additional releases will also include adapters built with the abovesoftware vendors tying their applications to PetrisWINDSEnterprise to make finding, accessing and using data a much easierE Ķ&3 4€%€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚ÕĻ&X‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’ process than exists today. Petris will not only make many of theseapplications available over the Internet but plans to install selectapplications behind a client's firewall leveraging a company'sintranet infrastructure.Petris Technology is a data and applications management,integration, collaboration and information solutions companyfocused on the needs of the energy industry. Formed in 1994,the company develops and markets customized and web-enabledsoftware products and services. Petris is privately held and"ēÕĻH; D€Ļ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’headquartered in Houston, Texas.January 2002American Hydrogen Association: "Engineering Softwarecompany has developed new software for engineers,thermodynamic analysts, and others that want to know aboutpower and propulsion systems. Power and PropulsionSystems Analysis is a Windows based software package forsuch work. It is quick and reliable for calculatingthermodynamic nd transport properties of gaseous, liquidand solid species, analyzes power cycles, power cycle,ź&tB R€Õ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚’components/processes nd compressible flow. We havetried this software package and found it to be a good toolfor designing power and propulsion systems.Editor's Note: Thank you Engineering Software for creatingthis compilation in the effort to achieve sustainable prosperity."Vol. 8, No. 1January 1997CASTI Publishing: "Engineering Software demo version ofthe Energy Conversion 1.1 program has been selected forinclusion on our CD ROM featuring "The 100 Best Engineering ÕH€7 <€«€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Shareware Programs"."July 1998Control: "Measurement Software -- Power SystemsAnalysis 1.0 and Gas Dynamics 1.0 are Windows basedsolutions that allow speedy, precise calculation ofthermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous, liquidand solid species, and also check power cycles, power cyclecomponents and compressible flow. System requirementsinclude any flavor of Windows, a 386 or higher CPU, 4 MBRAM and 4-8 MB of free disk space."January 1997Ītˆ : B€€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Desktop Engineering: "Energy Conversion SystemsManager -- For engineers designing, operating and managingenergy conversion systems, Engineering Software(Germantown, MD) offers Energy Conversion 1.1 forWindows 3.X or Windows '95.Energy Conversion calculates thermodynamic and transportproperties of gaseous, liquid and solid species as well assteam approximations for both saturated and superheatedareas. It also analyzes power cycles, power cycle性 < F€Ē€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€ ‚’components/processes and compressible flow.Version 1.1 offers such features as physical properties ofavailable species for assigned two-state values, includingtemperature and pressure, enthalpy and pressure and entropyand pressure. Additionally, steam approximations and steamtable calculations are available for both saturated andsuperheated areas."July 1997Desktop Engineering: "Power Systems and Gas Dynamics(Thermodynamic and Transport) Analyses -- Engineering(šˆ Ļ8 >€į€†Ų”Q€€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Software (Germantown, MD) has two new Windows products:Power Systems Analysis 1.0 and Gas Dynamics 1.0.Power Systems Analysis calculates thermodynamic andtransport properties of gaseous, liquid and solid species(temperature and pressure, enthalpy and pressure andentropy and pressure), analyzes power cycles (Carnot,Brayton, Rankine, Otto and Diesel) and power cyclecomponents and processes (compression, combustionand expansion).Gas Dynamics calculates thermodynamic and transport Ū§ č@2 2€·€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’properties of gaseous, liquid and solid species (temperatureand pressure, enthalpy and pressure and entropy andpressure), analyzes power cycles (Carnot and Brayton), powercycle components and processes (compression, combustionand expansion) and comprĻč@Xessible flow (velocity of sound, Machnumber, properties, nozzle, normal shock, diffuser and thrust).Both programs require Windows 3.X or Windows '95, a 386 orhigher system, 4 MB of RAM and 4 MB of hard drive space.ŻĻžB9 @€»€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚’Free evaluation copies are available."December 1996IEEE Spectrum: "Power Systems Analysis 1.0, introduced byEngineering Software, Germantown, MD, is a Windows basedsoftware program for investigating the behavior of heat engineswith any of five power cycles - Carnot, Brayton, Rankine, Otto orDiesel. It analyzes power cycle components and processes(compression, combustion and expansion) and calculates thethermodynamic and transport properties (temperature and;č@9E; D€€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚’pressure, enthalpy and pressure and entropy and pressure) ofgaseous, liquid and solid species. Two versions of the softwareare obtainable, one being intended for Windows '95, the otherfor Windows 3.X."December 1996Industrial Computing: "Engineering Software has developeda new Windows based software package, Power SystemsAnalysis 1.0, which calculates thermodynamic and transportproperties of gaseous, liquid and solid species and analyzespower cycles and power cycle components. The software מBDG4 6€Æ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’package "should be a good tool for anyone who is involved atvarious levels of designing, operating and managing powersystems. It should provide the user with the opportunity to moreeffectively do his/her work, explore more options, save time andgive more confidence in carrying out engineering calculations,"according to company sources. A free evaluation copy of theprogram is available."March 1997Mechanical Engineering: "Propulsion Systems Calculations Ų9EMI1 0€±€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’-- Gas Dynamics performs engineering calculations typicallyencountered in the design,operation and management ofpropulsion systems. The program calculates thermodynamicand transport properties (temperature and pressure, enthalpyand pressure and entropy and pressure) of gaseous, liquid andsolid species. It also computes power cycles (Carnot andBrayton) as well as power cycle components and processes(compression, combustion and expansion). Compressible flow>śDG‹KD V€õ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€ ‚’calculations performed include the velocity of sound, Machnumber, properties (stagnation and static), nozzle, normalshock, diffuser and thrust.Hardware: IBM-compatible 386 PC or higher with 4 MB of RAMand 4 MB of free hard-disk space, operating in Windows 3.X orWindows '95.Developer: Engineering Software, P.O. Box 1180,Germantown, MD 20875; Phone/FAX: (301) 540-3605;E-Mail: info@engineering-4e.com."Vol. 119, No. 7July 1997NASA Tech Briefs: "Engineering Software, Germantown, MD, ŁMI˜M4 6€³€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’has introduced Power Systems Analysis 1.0 power systemdesign and management software, which calculatesthermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous, liquid andsolid species and analyzes power cycles and power cyclecomponents and processes. Physical properties of availablespecies are provided in U.S. and international units. Theprogram runs with Windows 3.X or Windows '95 and requires4 MB of RAM and 4 MB of hard disk space."Vol. 21, No. 2February 19971‹KÉM1™ ’’’’’’’’’’’’ÉMj†鰘M²N9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,ÉMŽN) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’%ā²NC T€Å€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚€ ‚‚‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚‚ƒ€ ‚’Power and Propulsion SystemsAnalysis 1.1-AISBN 1-58514-000-7 for 16 Bit -- ISBN 1-58514-100-3 for 32 BitEngineering Software has developed a new Windows based softwarepackage, Power and Propulsion Systems AnalysŽN˜Mis, that quickly, easilyand reliably calculates thermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous,liquid and solid species, analyzes power cycles, calculates power cyclecomponents/processes and compressible flow.Thermodynamic and Transport Properties ”ŽNƒx ¾€)€ˆŲ”Q€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’Temperature and Pressure (270 K < T < 5,000 K)Enthalpy and PressureEntropy and PressurePower CyclesCarnotBrayton (Power and Propulsion)RankineOttoDieselPower Cycle Components/ProcessesCompressionCombustion (Coal/Oil/Gas)ExpansionCompressible FlowVelocity of SoundMach NumberProperties (Stagnation and Static)NozzleNormal ShockDiffuser<W…< F€€ˆŲ”Q€ ƒƒ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€ € ‚’ThrustThis software package should prove to be a good tool for those who areinvolved at various levels with design, operation and management ofpower and propulsion systems. It should provide you with the opportunityto more quickly, easily and effectively do your work, explore more options,save time and give more confidence in carrying out your calculations.To find out more about how you can profit or benefit from this softwarepackage, please send an e-mail to info@engineering-4e.com or callŪƒj†8 >€·€ˆŲ”Q€ € ‚‚‚‚‚€ƒ‚‚’(301) 540-3605.Free Technical and Product Support30 Day Money Back GuaranteeTrademarks:All product names, company names and service marks are trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective companies.1W…›†1ū’’’’’’’’’’’’›†eŽEj†ą†- *€0€ˆŲ”Q€€‚’Engineering SoftwareĖ™›†«‡2 2€3€†Ų”Q€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’P.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,ą†ׇ) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’^0«‡5ˆ. ,€`€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚€ ‚’Power and Propulsion SystemsAnalysis 1.1-BŗׇIŠZ ‚€u€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚’ISBN 1-58514-001-5 for 16 Bit -- ISBN 1-58514-101-1 for 32 BitEngineering Software has developed a new Windows based softwarepackage, Power and Propulsion Systems Analysis, that quickly, easilyand reliably analyzes power cycles, calculates power cyclecomponents/processes and compressible flow.Power CyclesCarnotBrayton (Power and Propulsion)RankineOttoDieselPower Cycle Components/ProcessesCompression(Õ5ˆqŒS t€«€ˆŲ”Q€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚‚‚‚‚’Combustion (Coal/Oil/Gas)ExpansionCompressible FlowVelocity of SoundMach NumberProperties (Stagnation and Static)NozzleNormal ShockDiffuserThrustThis software package should prove to be a good tool for those who areinvolved at various levels with design, operation and management ofpower and propulsion systems. It should provide you with the opportunityto more quickly, easily and effectively do your work, explore more options,ōÆIŠeŽE X€_€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚€ € ‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚€ƒ‚‚’save time and give more confidence in carrying out your calculations.To find out more about how you can profit or benefit from this softwarepackage, please send an e-mail to info@engineering-4e.com or call(301) 540-3605.Free Technical and Product Support30 Day Money Back GuaranteeTrademarks:All product names, company names and service marks are trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective companies.1qŒ–Ž1’’’’’’’’’’’’–ŽĘEeŽŪŽ- *€0€ˆŲ”Q€€‚’Engineering SoftwareĖ™–Ž¦2 2€3€†Ų”Q€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’P.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,ŪŽŅ) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’L¦*Ą- *€>€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚’Ņ*ĄeŽPower Systems Analysis 1.1 ĒŅ4ĀC T€€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚’ISBN 1-58514-002-3 for 16 Bit -- ISBN 1-58514-102-X for 32 BitEngineering Software has developed a new Windows based softwarepackage, Power Systems Analysis, that quickly, easily and reliablycalculates thermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous, liquid andsolid species, analyzes power cycles, and calculates power cyclecomponents/processes.Thermodynamic and Transport PropertiesTemperature and Pressure (270 K < T < 5,000 K)Ą*ĄRÄ^ Š€€ˆŲ”Q€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚‚‚‚’Enthalpy and PressureEntropy and PressurePower CyclesCarnotBrayton (Power and Propulsion)RankineOttoDieselPower Cycle Components/ProcessesCompressionCombustion (Coal/Oil/Gas)ExpansionThis software package should prove to be a good tool for those who areinvolved at various levels with design, operation and management of powersystems. It should provide you with the opportunity to more quickly, easily-ä4ĀĘI `€É€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚‚€ € ‚€ € ‚‚‚‚€ ‚€ƒ‚‚’and effectively do your work, explore more options, save time and givemore confidence in carrying out your calculations.To find out more about how you can profit or benefit from this softwarepackage, please send an e-mail to info@engineering-4e.com or call(301) 540-3605.Free Technical and Product Support30 Day Money Back GuaranteeTrademarks:All product names, company names and service marks are trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective companies.1RÄ°Ę1ß’’’’’’’’’’’’°Ę^ĻEĘõĘ- *€0€ˆŲ”Q€€‚’Engineering SoftwareĖ™°ĘĄĒ2 2€3€†Ų”Q€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’P.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,õĘģĒ) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’<ĄĒ(Č) "€&€†Ų”Q€ ‚’Gas Dynamics 1.1ŠģĒ<ŹD V€”€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚’ISBN 1-58514-003-1 for 16 Bit -- ISBN 1-58514-103-8 for 32 BitEngineering Software has developed a new Windows based softwarepackage, Gas Dynamics, that quickly, easily and reliably calculatesthermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous, liquid and solid species,analyzes power cycles, calculates power cycle components/processes andcompressible flow.Thermodynamic and Transport PropertiesTemperature and Pressure (270 K < T < 5,000 K) ˜(ČEĢq °€1€ˆŲ”Q€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚‚’Enthalpy and PressureEntropy and PressurePower CyclesCarnotBrayton (Power and Propulsion)Power Cycle Components/ProcessesCompressionCombustion (Coal/Oil/Gas)ExpansionCompressible FlowVelocity of SoundMach NumberProperties (Stagnation and Static)NozzleNormal ShockDiffuserThrustThis software package should prove to be a good tool for those who areŪ<Ź`Ī@ N€·€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚€ € ‚€ € ‚‚‚’involved at various levels with design, operation and management ofpropulsion systems. It should provide you with the opportunity to morequickly, easily and effectively do your work, explore more options, savetime and give more confidence in carrying out your calculations.To find out more about how you can profit or benefit from this softwarepackage, please send an e-mail to info@engineering-4e.com or call(301) 540-3605.Free Technical and Product SupportJEĢŖĪ+ &€>€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚’30 Day Money Back Guarantee“ˆ`Ī^Ļ, &€€†Ų”Q€ƒ‚‚’Trademarks:All product names, company names and service marks are trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective companies.1ŖĪĻ1ā’’’’’’’’’’’’Ļé°^Ļ„9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20Ļ„^Ļ875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,Ļ°) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’Ä„ĮM h€‰€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚€ ‚‚‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’Physical Properties 1.1SBN 1-58514-004-X for 16 Bit -- ISBN 1-58514-104-6 for 32 BitEngineering Software has developed a new Windows based softwarepackage, Physical Properties, that quickly, easily and reliably calculatesthermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous, liquid and solidspecies.Thermodynamic and Transport PropertiesTemperature and Pressure (270 K < T < 5,000 K)Enthalpy and PressureEntropy and Pressure0÷°ń9 @€ļ€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€ € ‚’This software package should prove to be a good tool for those who areinvolved at various levels with design, operation and management of powerand propulsion systems. It should provide you with the opportunity to morequickly, easily and effectively do your work, explore more options, save timeand give more confidence in carrying out your calculations.To find out more about how you can profit or benefit from this softwarepackage, please send an e-mail to info@engineering-4e.com or callŪĮ8 >€·€ˆŲ”Q€ € ‚‚‚‚€‚ƒ‚‚’(301) 540-3605.Free Technical and Product Support30 Day Money Back GuaranteeTrademarks:All product names, company names and service marks are trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective companies.1ń51 ’’’’’’’’’’’’5¤ Ez- *€0€ˆŲ”Q€€‚’Engineering SoftwareĖ™5E2 2€3€†Ų”Q€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’P.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,zq) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’X.EÉ* $€\€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚’Power and Propulsion SystemsAnalysis 1.1-CĒqč X ~€€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’ISBN 1-58514-005-8 for 16 Bit -- ISBN 1-58514-105-4 for 32 BitEngineering Software has developed a new Windows based softwarepackage, Power and Propulsion Systems Analysis, that quickly, easilyand reliably analyzes power cycles, calculates power cyclecomponents/processes and compressible flow.Power CyclesCarnotBrayton (Power and Propulsion)RankinePower Cycle Components/ProcessesCompressionCombustion (Coal/Oil/Gas)ĘÉł K d€€ˆŲ”Q€ ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’ExpansionCompressible FlowMach NumberNozzleNormal ShockDiffuserThrustThis software package should prove to be a good tool for those who areinvolved at various levels with design, operation and management ofpower and propulsion systems. It should provide you with the opportunityto more quickly, easily and effectively do your work, explore more options,save time and give more confidence in carrying out your calculations.«hč ¤ C T€Ń€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚€ € ‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚€ƒ‚‚’To find out more about how you can profit or benefit from this softwarepackage, please send an e-mail to info@engineering-4e.com or call(301) 540-3605.Free Technical and Product Support30 Day Money Back GuaranteeTrademarks:All product names, company names and service marks are trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective companies.1ł Õ 1] ’’’’’’’’’’’’Õ ¶HE¤ - *€0€ˆŲ”Q€€‚’Engineering SoftwareĖ™Õ å2 2€3€†Ų”Q€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’P.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’CåT) "€4€†Ų”Q€ ‚’Energy Conversion 1.1-A3ś“A9 @€õ€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚‚’ISBN 1-58514-006-6 for 16 Bit -- ISBN 1-58514-106-2 for 32 BitEngineering Software has developed a new WindT“A¤ ows based softwarepackage, Energy Conversion, that quickly, easily and reliably calculatesthermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous, liquid and solidspecies, contains coefficients for the calculation of physical properties -- the user has the capability to use the coefficients to carry out independentengineering calculations involving physical properties of various species,³T£C] ˆ€g€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚’steam approximations for both saturated and superheated areas, analyzespower cycles, calculates power cycle components/processes andcompressible flow.Thermodynamic and Transport PropertiesTemperature and Pressure (270 K < T < 5,000 K)Enthalpy and PressureEntropy and PressureCoefficientsSteam ApproximationsSaturated Area (Temperature and Pressure Dependent)Superheated AreaPower CyclesCarnot„“A¼Et ¶€K€ˆŲ”Q€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚‚’Brayton (Power and Propulsion)RankineOttoDieselMagnetohydrodynamicsFuel CellPower Cycle Components/ProcessesCompressionCombustion (Coal/Oil/Gas)ExpansionHeat TransferMixingCompressible FlowVelocity of SoundMach NumberProperties (Stagnation and Static)NozzleNormal ShockDiffuserThrustThis software package should prove to be a good tool for those who are"ā£CŽG@ N€Å€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚€ € ‚€ € ‚‚‚’involved at various levels with design, operation and management ofenergy conversion systems. It should provide you with the opportunity tomore quickly, easily and effectively do your work, explore more options,save time and give more confidence in carrying out your calculations.To find out more about how you can profit or benefit from this softwarepackage, please send an e-mail to info@engineering-4e.com or call(301) 540-3605.Free Technical and Product SupportŲ¦¼E¶H2 2€M€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚€ƒ‚‚’30 Day Money Back GuaranteeTrademarks:All product names, company names and service marks are trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective companies.1ŽGēH1Ź’’’’’’’’’’’’ēH€OE¶H,I- *€0€ˆŲ”Q€€‚’Engineering SoftwareĖ™ēH÷I2 2€3€†Ų”Q€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’P.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,,I#J) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’D÷IgJ) "€6€†Ų”Q€ ‚’Steam Approximations 1.1×#J†LH ^€Æ€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚‚’ISBN 1-58514-007-4 for 16 Bit -- ISBN 1-58514-107-0 for 32 BitEngineering Software has developed a new Windows based softwarepackage, Steam Approximations, that quickly, easily and reliablycalculates thermodynamic and transport properties of steam for bothsaturated and superheated areas.Steam ApproximationsSaturated Area (Temperature and Pressure Dependent)Superheated AreaThis software package should prove to be a good tool for those who are"āgJØN@ N€Å€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚€ € ‚€ € ‚‚‚’involved at various levels with design, operation and management ofenergy conversion systems. It should provide you with the opportunity tomore quickly, easily and effectively do your work, explore more options,save time and give more confidence in carrying out your calculations.To find out more about how you can profit or benefit from this softwarepackage, please send an e-mail to info@engineering-4e.com or call(301) 540-3605.Free Technical and Product SupportŲ¦†L€O2 2€M€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚€ƒ‚‚’30 Day Money Back GuaranteeTrademarks:All product names, company names and service marks are trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective companies.1ØN±O1µ’’’’’’’’’’’’±Oŗ‡E€O €- *€0€ˆŲ”Q€€‚’Engineering Software±O €€OĖ™±O׀2 2€3€†Ų”Q€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’P.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com, €) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’[1׀^* $€b€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚’Physical Properties & SteamApproximations 1.1 Šhƒ: B€”€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’ISBN 1-58514-008-2 for 16 Bit -- ISBN 1-58514-108-9 for 32 BitEngineering Software has developed a new Windows based softwarepackage, Physical Properties & Steam Approximations, that quickly,easily and reliably calculates thermodynamic and transport properties ofgaseous, liquid and solid species, steam approximations for both saturatedand superheated areas, analyzes power cycles, calculates power cyclecomponents/processes and compressible flow.Ę^|…N j€€ˆŲ”Q€ ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚‚‚‚’Thermodynamic and Transport PropertiesTemperature and Pressure (270 K < T < 5,000 K)Enthalpy and PressureEntropy and PressureSteam ApproximationsSaturated Area (Temperature and Pressure Dependent)Superheated AreaThis software package should prove to be a good tool for those who areinvolved at various levels with design, operation and management ofenergy conversion systems. It should provide you with the opportunity to>ųhƒŗ‡F Z€ń€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚‚€ € ‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚€ƒ‚‚’more quickly, easily and effectively do your work, explore more options,save time and give more confidence in carrying out your calculations.To find out more about how you can profit or benefit from this softwarepackage, please send an e-mail to info@engineering-4e.com or call(301) 540-3605.Free Technical and Product Support30 Day Money Back GuaranteeTrademarks:All product names, company names and service marks are trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective companies.1|…ė‡1ā ’’’’’’’’’’’’ė‡ŃĮEŗ‡0ˆ- *€0€ˆŲ”Q€€‚’Engineering SoftwareĖ™ė‡ūˆ2 2€3€†Ų”Q€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’P.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,0ˆ'‰) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’Cūˆj‰) "€4€†Ų”Q€ ‚’Energy Conversion 1.1-Bą'‰‰‹? L€Į€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ƒ€ ‚’ISBN 1-58514-009-0 for 16 Bit -- ISBN 1-58514-109-7 for 32 BitEngineering Software has developed a new Windows based softwarepackage, Energy Conversion, that quickly, easily and reliably calculatesthermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous, liquid and solid species,steam approximations for both saturated and superheated areas, analyzespower cycles, calculates power cycle components/processes andcompressible flow.Thermodynamic and Transport Properties ™j‰”r ²€3€ˆŲ”Q€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’Temperature and Pressure (270 K < T < 5,000 K)Enthalpy and PressureEntropy and PressureSteam ApproximationsSaturated Area (Temperature and Pressure Dependent)Superheated AreaPower CyclesCarnotBrayton (Power and Propulsion)RankineOttoDieselMagnetohydrodynamicsFuel CellPower Cycle Components/ProcessesCompressionCombustion (Coal/Oil/Gas)Expansionȉ‹ƏS t€‘€ˆŲ”Q€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒ€ ‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚‚‚‚‚’Heat TransferMixingCompressible FlowVelocity of SoundMach NumberProperties (Stagnation and Static)NozzleNormal ShockDiffuserThrustThis software package should prove to be a good tool for those who areinvolved at various levels with design, operation and management of energyconversion systems. It should provide you with the opportunity to morequickly, easily and effectively do your work, explore more options, saveb#”Į? L€G€ˆŲ”Q€ ‚‚‚€ € ‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚’time and give morƏĮŗ‡e confidence in carrying out your calculations.To find out more about how you can profit or benefit from this softwarepackage, please send an e-mail to info@engineering-4e.com or call(301) 540-3605.Free Technical and Product Support30 Day Money Back Guarantee“ˆÆŃĮ, &€€†Ų”Q€ƒ‚‚’Trademarks:All product names, company names and service marks are trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective companies.1ĮĀ1= ’’’’’’’’’’’’ĀĖEŃĮGĀ- *€0€ˆŲ”Q€€‚’Engineering SoftwareĖ™ĀĆ2 2€3€†Ų”Q€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’P.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,GĀ>Ć) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’*ŌĆhÅV z€©€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚’DistributorsCambridgeSoft100 Cambridge Park Dr.Cambridge, MA 02140Phone: (617) 588-9100FAX: (617) 588-9190E-Mail: chemstore@camsoft.comhttp://www.camsoft.comCetrus2010 Crow Canyon Pl., # 250San Ramon, CA 94583Phone: (925) 866-9000FAX: (888) 279-2698E-Mail: support@cetrus.comhttp://www.cetrus.comCitrix851 W. Cypress Creek Rd.Forth Lauderdale, FL 33309Phone: (954) 267-3000FAX: (954) 267-9319E-Mail: customerservice@citrix.com)Ö>Ć‘ĒS t€­€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚’http://www.citrix.comCoggno1370 Dell Ave.Campbell, CA 95008Phone: (888) 585-9975FAX:E-Mail: sales@coggno.comhttp://www.coggno.comDigital River (RegNow)10380 Bren Rd., W.Minnetonka, MN 55343Phone: (800) 442-3172FAX: (952) 646-5604E-Mail: sales@digitalriver.comhttp://www.digitalriver.comEngineering-Software.com (KRC Technologies)4431 Donald Ave.San Diego, CA 92117Phone: (858) 490-0028FAX: E-Mail: service@engineering-software.comÄhŦÉQ p€‰€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚€‚‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚’http://www.engineering-software.comGulf Publishing CompanySoftware DivisionP.O. Box 2608Houston, TX 77252Phone: (713) 520-4428FAX: (713) 525-4655E-Mail: software@gulfpub.comhttp://www.gulfpub.comPDHengineer.com17350 State Highway 249, # 140Houston, TX 77064Phone: (281) 671-1615FAX: (281) 676-3633E-Mail: administrator@pdhengineer.comhttp://www.pdhengineer.comRedVector.com4890 W. Kennedy Blvd., # 530Tampa, FL 33609h-‘ĒĖ; D€[€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚’Phone: (813) 207-0012FAX: (813) 286-7992E-Mail: info@redvector.comhttp://www.redvector.comThe Engineering Training Center9715 Rod Rd., Suite AAlpharetta, GA 30022Phone: (770) 410-0553FAX: () E-Mail: info@theengineeringtrainingcenter.comhttp://www.theengineeringtrainingcenter.com1¦É?Ė1ū’’’’’’’’’’’’?Ė Ļé°Ė(Ģ9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,?ĖTĢ) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’<(ĢĢ) "€&€†ZÉQ€ ‚’List Price Sheet%ÖTĢµĪO l€­€†6…Q€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’Currently, Engineering Software has the followingproduct line:-Power and Propulsion Systems Analysis 1.1 - A$499.00-Power and Propulsion Systems Analysis 1.1 - B$149.00-Power Systems Analysis 1.1$399.00-Gas Dynamics 1.1$445.00-Physical Properties 1.1$349.00-Power and Propulsion Systems Analysis 1.1 - C$59.00-Energy Conversion 1.1 - A$799.00-Steam Approximations 1.1$49.00-Physical Properties & Steam Approximations 1.1$389.00T(Ģ Ļ, (€P€†6…Q€ ƒƒ‚’-Energy Conversion 1.1 - B$599.001µĪ:Ļ1¼’’’’’’’’’’’’:ĻĀD Ļ~Ļ, (€0€†ZÉQ€€‚’Engineering SoftwareĖ™:ĻU2 2€3€†Ų”Q€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’P.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605~ĻU ĻE-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,~Ļ) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’FUĒ0 0€,€†Ų”Q€ €‚€ ‚’Limited Warrantyąå> J€Į€R†Ų”Q€ € € ‚‚‚‚€ € ‚‚‚‚’This software package is sold AS IS, without warranty as to itsperformance. The entire risk as to the quality and of the performanceof this computer software program is assumed by the user.However, to the original purchaser only, Engineering Software warrantsthe medium on which the program is recorded to be free from defects inmaterials and faulty workmanship under normal use and service for aperiod of thirty (30) days from the date of purchase. If during thisBńĒ'Q p€ć€R†Ų”Q€ ‚€ € € € ‚€ € € € ‚‚‚‚‚€ € ‚‚’period a defect on the medium should occur, the medium may bereturned to Engineering Software or to an authorized EngineeringSoftware distributor and Engineering Software will replace themedium without charge to you. Your sole and exclusive remedy in theevent of a defect is expressly limited to replacement of the medium asprovided above.If the failure of the medium, in the judgment of Engineering Softwareresulted from accident, abuse or misapplication of the medium, then›måĀ. ,€Ś€R†Ų”Q€ € ‚‚’Engineering Software shall have no responsibility to replace themedium under the terms of this warranty.1'ó1•’’’’’’’’’’’’óW é°ĀÜ9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,ó) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’CÜK- *€,€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚’License AgreementL — A P€€R†Ų”Q€ € € ‚€ € ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’This software is the property of Engineering Software and is protectedby federal copyright law. While Engineering Software continues toown the software, you will have certain rights to use the software afteryour acceptance of this license. Your rights and obligations withrespect to the use of this software are as follows:You may:- use one copy of the software on a single computer,- make one copy of the software for backup purposes and- use the software on a network, provided that you have a licensedĄŒKW 4 6€€R†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’ copy of the software for each computer that can access the software over the networkYou may not:- copy the documentation which accompanies the software,- sublicense, rent or lease any portion of the software and- reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, modify, translate, make any attempt to discover the source code of the software or create derivative works from the software1— ˆ 1=’’’’’’’’’’’’ˆ ” é°W q 9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,ˆ  ) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’÷¾q ” 9 @€}€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚’Customer SupportEngineering Software is committed to providing highlyprofessional, quick and reliable customer support.Engineering Software technical and product supportare free.1 Å 1ē ’’’’’’’’’’’’Å ĆH鰔 ®9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,Å Ś) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’$Ł® AK d€³€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚€€ ‚‚’Educational ServicesEngineering Software is committed to providing highlyprofessional, quick and reliable educational services.Engineering Software has been serving the engineeringand academic communities anŚ A” d Government agencies withcomputer modeling and fine software for the energyconversion systems (power and propulsion systems) needssince 1996.Engineering Software has an extensive set of softwaretools that quickly, easily and reliably calculate ŲŚC2 2€±€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’thermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous,liquid and solid species (TP, HP and SP) -- U.S.customary and International units, steam approximationsfor both saturated and superheated areas, analyze powercycles (Carnot, Brayton, Rankine, Otto, Diesel,Magnetohydrodynamics and Fuel Cell), power cyclecomponents/processes (compression, combustion,expansion, heat transfer and mixing) and compressible flow(velocity of sound, Mach number, stagnation and staticÓ A'E@ N€§€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚’properties, nozzle, normal shock, diffuser and thrust).Engineering Software staff of qualified and professionalengineers has experience with many software modifications,computer platforms, engineering analyses and conceptualdesign studies and educational support related to thetheoretical background.Engineering Software provides customized solutions forthose computational needs that are beyond the capabilitiesof off-the-shelf engineering software.'ŌCNGS t€©€†Ų”Q€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚€€ ‚‚€€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚€€ ‚‚’To find out how Engineering Software can help you solveyour problem and provide educational support, send ane-mail with a description of what you would like to getaccomplished to: info@engineering-4e.com.It should be mentioned that Engineering Software technicaland product support are free for the Engineering Softwareproduct line.However, for a reasonable fee, Engineering Software canprovide educational support related to energy conversionu:'EĆH; D€u€†Ų”Q€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚‚€€ ‚’systems and also run a preliminary computercalculation/analysis using the Engineering Softwaresoftware packages to save you time and help you acquireworking experience and theoretical background -- send ane-mail with a description of what you would like to getaccomplished to: info@engineering-4e.com.1NGōH1q ’’’’’’’’’’’’ōH$ƒé°ĆHŻI9 @€a€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comWeb Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,ōH J) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’"ׯI+LK d€Æ€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚€€ ‚‚’Consulting ServicesEngineering Software is committed to providing highlyprofessional, quick and reliable consulting services.Engineering Software has been serving the engineeringand academic communities and Government agencies withcomputer modeling and fine software for the energyconversion systems (power and propulsion systems) needssince 1996.Engineering Software has an extensive set of softwaretools that quickly, easily and reliably calculate Ų J5N2 2€±€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’thermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous,liquid and solid species (TP, HP and SP) -- U.S.customary and International units, steam approximationsfor both saturated and superheated areas, analyze powercycles (Carnot, Brayton, Rankine, Otto, Diesel,Magnetohydrodynamics and Fuel Cell), power cyclecomponents/processes (compression, combustion,expansion, heat transfer and mixing) and compressible flow(velocity of sound, Mach number, stagnation and staticŠ+LX€G \€”€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚€€ ‚‚‚‚‚€€ ‚‚‚‚€€ ‚’properties, nozzle, normal shock, diffuser and thrust).Engineering Software staff of qualified and professionalengineers has experience with many software modifications,computer platforms, engineering analyses and conceptualdesign studies.Engineering Software provides customized solutions forthose computational needs that are beyond the capabilitiesof off-the-shelf engine5NX€ĆHering software.To find out how Engineering Software can help you solve6ź5NŽ‚L f€Õ€†Ų”Q€ ‚‚‚€€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚€€ ‚‚€€ ‚‚’your problem, send an e-mail with a description of whatyou would like to get accomplished to: info@engineering-4e.com.It should be mentioned that Engineering Software technicaland product support are free for the Engineering Softwareproduct line.However, for a reasonable fee, Engineering Software canalso run a preliminary computer calculation/analysis usingthe Engineering Software software packages to save youtime and help you acquire working experience -- send an–fX€$ƒ0 0€Ģ€†Ų”Q€ ‚€€ ‚’e-mail with a description of what you would like to getaccomplished to: info@engineering-4e.com.1Ž‚Uƒ1V’’’’’’’’ ’’’’Uƒz†œh$ƒńƒ4 8€Š€†Ų”Q€€‚€‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Engineering SoftwareP.O. Box 1180, Germantown, MD 20875Phone:(301) 540-3605FAX: (301) 540-3605L"Uƒ=„* $€D€†Ų”Q€ƒ‚’E-Mail:info@engineering-4e.comT*ńƒ‘„* $€T€†Ų”Q€ƒ‚’Web Site:http://www.engineering-4e.com,=„½„) "€€˜˜R‚Q€ ‚’½w‘„z†F Z€ļ€†Ų”Q€ ‚€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚‚‚‚’AcknowledgmentsEngineering Software would like to express gratitude andappreciation to the NASA Glenn Research Center at LewisField for providing the property coefficients that make possiblethe calculation of the thermodynamic and transport propertiesof included species and the foundation for the calculationof the complex chemical equilibrium compositions.1½„«†1]’’’’’’’’!’’’’«†׆,z†׆) "€€†Ų”Q€ ‚’1«†’’’’1’’’’’’’’"’’’’’’’’’’’’ł1š1v@1Helv‹v 9\'~év’øē”ŽTms Rmn‹å]ŹU‹ģƒģSymbolų&öt"&‹&‹WCourierŚ@Ä^ &‰&‰Times New RomanÄ^ &ArialƒFÄ^ƒF&MS Serif‰VöŠFō%Ä^MS Sans SerifŠN÷ƒįTimesN÷ƒį ŠéŠé&‰O ±Helvetica‰W ĄtIÄ^System‹&‹WŃźŃŲ-Courier New‰WƒFėRomanč-@Ä^ &‰G&ĒGScriptėÄ^ +Ą&‰G&Modernt[Ä^&öt&‹Marlett &‰GƒFėArial CEÄ^ &‰G’FArial CYRÄv &‹DŽFArial Greek^ &‰Gė Arial 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